Innate immune responses to replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in isolated swine alveolar macrophages

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease caused by a positive RNA strand arterivirus. PRRS virus (PRRSV) interacts primarily with lung macrophages. Identifying the genetic components involved in host resistance/susceptibility would represent an important step forward in the design of disease control programs. In this study, alveolar macrophages derived from five commercial pig lines were used to study the innate immune response to PRRSV infection in vitro. Analysis by flow cytometry has demonstrated that bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) preparations were almost exclusively composed of alveolar macrophages and that the pigs tested were free from infection. Macrophages from the Landrace line showed significantly reduced virus replication and poor growth of PRRSV during 30 h of infection. By 72 h, PRRSV viral load was down to 2.5 log(10) TCID50 compared with an average of 5 log(10) TCID50 for the other breeds tested. These observations suggest that factors intrinsic to the Landrace breed may be responsible for this reduced or delayed response to PRRSV. Preliminary investigation suggests that the PRRSV coreceptor, sialoadhesin, may not be responsible for the Landrace macrophage phenotype as its abundance and localisation were comparable in all the breeds. Strikingly, we found that the reduced or delayed growth of PRRSV was temporally associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA accumulation and substantial reduction of secretion of IL-8, suggesting a key contributory role for cytokine synthesis and secretion during the innate immune response to PRRSV infection.