Inflammation and Fibrosis during Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Is Regulated by IL-1 and the NLRP3/ASC Inflammasome

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen associated with atypical pneumonia, and it has been suggested as a trigger or promoter of several chronic inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and atherosclerosis. The beta form of IL-1 (IL-1 beta) is a proinflammatory cytokine released by many cell types and is an important mediator of inflammation during infection. IL-1 beta production is a tightly controlled process that includes regulation at multiple levels and typically requires two distinct signals for activation and release. In this study, we investigated the ability of C. pneumoniae to induce IL-1 beta secretion. We found that C. pneumoniae was unique among the other Chlamydia species tested in its ability to potently induce secretion of mature IL-1 beta from unprimed bone marrow-derived macrophages during a productive infection. TLR2 was required for induction of pro-IL-1 beta, whereas the NLRP3/ASC was required for caspase-1 activation and pro-IL-1 beta cleavage to produce mature IL-1 beta. Caspase-1 cleavage was independent of endogenous ATP release, but required potassium flux, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B release. We further investigated the role of IL-1 in host defense against C. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia using mice deficient in the type I IL-1R. Although the IL-1R(-/-) mice developed an inflammatory infiltrate, the number of infiltrating neutrophils was lower, whereas there was evidence of increased infiltrating fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells and more lung fibrosis. We conclude that C. pneumoniae directly activates the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome, leading to the release of biologically active IL-1 beta, and that concurrent IL-1 signaling is required for optimal host defense against acute bacterial pneumonia. The Journal of Immunology, 2010, 184: 5743-5754.