Formation and transformation of carbon nanoparticles under electron irradiation

被引:39
作者
Banhart, F [1 ]
机构
[1] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Chem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
来源
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES | 2004年 / 362卷 / 1823期
关键词
carbon; nanostructures; electron microscopy; irradiation;
D O I
10.1098/rsta.2004.1436
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
This article reviews the phenomena occurring during irradiation of graphitic nanoparticles with high-energy electrons. A brief introduction to the physics of the interaction between energetic electrons and solids is given with particular emphasis on graphitic materials. Irradiation effects are discussed, starting from microscopic mechanisms that lead to structural alterations of the graphite lattice. It is shown how random displacements of the atoms and their subsequent rearrangements eventually lead to topological changes of the nanoparticles. Examples are the formation of carbon onions, morphological changes of carbon nanotubes, or the coalescence of fullerenes or nanotubes under electron irradiation. Irradiation-induced phase transformations in nanoparticles are discussed, e.g. the transformation of graphite to diamond, novel metal-carbon phases in nanocomposite materials or modified phase equilibria in metal crystals encapsulated in graphitic shells.
引用
收藏
页码:2205 / 2222
页数:18
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