Magnetic resonance angiography of the body in pediatric patients: experience with a contrast-enhanced time-resolved technique

This paper reviews the General technique of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) and the challenges of applying CE-MRA to pediatric patients. In particular. the application of "time-resolved" CE-MRA on a commercially available MR scanner using parallel imaging technique such as sensitivity encoding (SENSE) is discussed in detail. Multiple clinical case examples are provided to highlight the broad clinical application of this particular technique and the ease of use of this technique. The main limitation of this technique is dictated by the trade-off between temporal and spatial resolution. Finally, some potential future techniques that may be able to provide better MRA in freely breathing pediatric patients are suggested.