In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in phenylketonuria

In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy permits the non-invasive examination of metabolic characteristics of the human brain in a clinical environment. Methods to detect elevated phenylalanine (Phe) in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) using difference spectroscopy and to estimate absolute brain Phe concentrations, [Phe](brain), have been developed. In patients with classical PKU, [Phe](brain) typically varied between 0.14 and 0.78 mmol/l depending upon actual blood Phe concentrations, [Phe](blood), between 0.47 and 2.30 mmol/l. Dynamic investigations can be used to extract information about Phe transport at the human blood-brain barrier, which may be described by a symmetric Michaelis-Menten model. Carrier saturation and competitive inhibition of the influx of other large neutral amino acids can be expected at blood levels usually found in PKU patients. In single cases of untreated, normal intelligent patients, abnormally low [Phe](brain) less than or equal to 0.15 mmol/l were observed despite high stationary Phe levels ([Phe](blood) = 1.15 +/- 0.10 mmol/l). Conclusion Significant variations in phenylalanine transport parameters in untreated, normal intelligent patients indicated that blood-brain barrier transport or intracerebral phenylalanine consumption are causative factors for the individual vulnerability to phenylketonuria.