T-cell activation requires two signaling events. One is provided by the engagement of the T-cell antigen receptor, and the second represents a costimulatory signal provided by antigen-presenting cells. CD28 mediates a costimulatory signal by binding its ligands, B7-1 and B7-2, on antigen-presenting cells, but the signaling pathway activated by CD28 has not been identified. A homologous molecule, CTLA-4, expressed on activated T cells, also binds to B7-1 and B7-2, but whether it has a signaling function is not known. We performed a structure-function analysis of CD28 to identify the functional domain which activates signal transduction. Truncation of the 40-amino-acid CD28 cytoplasmic tail abrogated costimulatory signaling. Chimeric constructs containing the extracellular and transmembrane regions of CD8 linked to the cytoplasmic region of CD28 had a costimulatory signaling function. Similar chimeras containing the cytoplasmic tail of CTLA-4 did not signal. Thus, the cytoplasmic region of CD28, but not CTLA-4, is sufficient to mediate costimulatory signaling. In addition, after CD28 stimulation, the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity were found in CD28 immunoprecipitates. The CD8-CD28 chimera, which has a costimulatory signaling function, associates with p85, while the nonfunctioning CDS CTLA-4 chimera and a CD8-xi chimera do not associate with p85. These results suggest that phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase is specifically activated by CD28 and may mediate proximal events;in the costimulatory signaling pathway regulated by CD28.
