Chemical mixtures: Challenge for toxicology and risk assessment

被引:57
作者
Simmons, JE
机构
[1] National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
关键词
chemical mixtures; risk assessment; chemical interactions;
D O I
10.1016/0300-483X(95)03205-T
中图分类号
R9 [药学];
学科分类号
1007 ;
摘要
It is now well-recognized that human environmental exposures are not to single chemicals. Rather, humans are exposed, either concurrently or sequentially, to multiple chemicals. Challenges that chemical mixtures pose for risk assessment and toxicology are presented. Challenge areas include increasing the peer-reviewed publication of human studies, improving access to peer-reviewed data and examining multiple target organs. Two difficult challenges are development of a common, consistent language and the use of appropriate and innovative experimental designs and analyses. The challenge of elucidation of mechanism(s) offers a rational basis for extrapolation across dose levels, exposure durations and exposure routes as well as to other species and to other similar chemicals. Of particular importance is focusing effort on those areas of investigation where answers have the greatest potential for reducing uncertainty in risk assessments for chemical mixtures and on those chemical mixtures and multiple chemical exposures that have the greatest potential impact on human health. A particularly fruitful area for future investigation is determination of the likelihood of nonadditive interactions in humans exposed to multiple chemicals at environmental exposure levels.
引用
收藏
页码:111 / 119
页数:9
相关论文
共 49 条
[21]   USE OF THE MICROSCREEN PHAGE-INDUCTION ASSAY TO ASSESS THE GENOTOXICITY OF 14 HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL-WASTES [J].
HOUK, VS ;
DEMARINI, DM .
ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, 1988, 11 (01) :13-29
[22]   THE GENOTOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL-WASTES AND EFFLUENTS [J].
HOUK, VS .
MUTATION RESEARCH, 1992, 277 (02) :91-138
[23]   Chemical mixtures released from hazardous waste sites: Implications for health risk assessment [J].
Johnson, BL ;
DeRosa, CT .
TOXICOLOGY, 1995, 105 (2-3) :145-156
[24]  
KLAASSEN CD, 1991, CASARETT DOULLS TOXI, P12
[25]  
Kodell Ralph L., 1991, STAT TOXICOLOGY, P559
[26]  
Krishnan K., 1991, ARCH COMPLEX ENV STU, V3, P1
[27]   PUBLIC-HEALTH INVESTIGATIONS OF HAZARDOUS ORGANIC-CHEMICAL WASTE-DISPOSAL IN THE UNITED-STATES [J].
LEVINE, R ;
CHITWOOD, DD .
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, 1985, 62 (OCT) :415-422
[28]   HEALTH-EFFECTS STUDIES OF EXPOSURE FROM HAZARDOUS-WASTE SITES - WHERE ARE WE TODAY [J].
PHILLIPS, AM ;
SILBERGELD, EK .
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, 1985, 8 (01) :1-7
[29]  
Plaa GL, 1990, TOXIC INTERACTIONS, P3
[30]   Modulation of chemical-induced lung and liver toxicity by all-trans-retinol in the male Sprague-Dawley rat [J].
Sauer, JM ;
Sipes, IG .
TOXICOLOGY, 1995, 105 (2-3) :237-249