1. Intracellular recording techniques were used to characterize synaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) recorded from neurons of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). Bipolar electrodes positioned in the stria terminalis (ST) or lateral amygdala (LA) were used to evoke synaptic responses at a frequency of 0.25 Hz. 2. Two synaptic waveforms having IPSP components could be evoked by electrical stimulation of either pathway: a biphasic, excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), fast-IPSP (f-IPSP) waveform, and a multiphasic, EPSP, f-IPSP, and subsequent slow-IPSP (s-IPSP) waveform. Expression of either waveform was dependent on the site of stimulation. ST stimulation evoked a similar number of biphasic (45%) and multiphasic (50%) synaptic responses. In contrast, stimulation of the LA pathway evoked mainly (80%) multiphasic synaptic responses. 3. Both the f- and s-IPSP elicited by ST stimulation could be reduced in amplitude in the presence of the glutamatergic, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, (DL)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV, 50-mu-M), and were abolished by the glutamatergic, non-NMDA antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 10-mu-M). In contrast, a CNQX-resistant f-IPSP was evoked with LA stimulation and abolished by subsequent addition of bicuculline methiodide (BMI), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor antagonist, suggesting direct inhibition of BLA neurons by GABAergic LA interneurons. The sensitivity of the s-IPSPs and the f-IPSPs to glutamatergic antagonists suggests the presence of feed-forward inhibition onto BLA neurons. 4. The f-IPSP possessed characteristics of potentials mediated by GABA(A) receptors linked to Cl- channels, namely, a reversal potential of -70 mV, a decrease in membrane resistance (13.5 M-OMEGA) recorded at -60 mV, a block by BMI, and potentiation by sodium pentobarbital (NaPB). 5. The s-IPSP was associated with a resistance decrease of 4.5 M-OMEGA, a reversal potential of -95 mV, and was reversibly depressed (approximately 66%) by 2-hydroxy-saclofen (100-mu-M), suggesting activation of GABA(B) receptors. 6. The large resistance change associated with the f-IPSP, its temporal overlap with evoked EPSPs, and the development of both spontaneous and evoked burst firing in the presence of BMI suggests that the f-IPSP determines the primary state of excitability in BLA neurons. 7. NaPB (100-mu-M) not only increased f-IPSP amplitude and duration but also reduced the amplitude and duration of the GABA(B)-mediated s-IPSP, and the observation that only a f-IPSP is expressed in the presence of CNQX on stimulation of the LA pathway suggests that a heterogeneous population of GABA interneurons is involved in BLA synaptic transmission. 8. Superfusion of NaPB or 2-hydroxy-saclofen (2-OH-SAC) resulted in the inhibition of spontaneous EPSPs and IPSPs suggesting presynaptic inhibition of tonic glutamate release onto BLA neurons. 9. These experiments provide evidence for the existence of two electrophysiologically distinct GABAergic IPSPs in the BLA. The degree of expression of these two IPSPs is determined by the input pathway, hence only feed-forward inhibition occurs via the ST input, whereas both feed-forward and direct inhibition occurs via the LA pathway. The f-IPSP has been shown to determine the primary state of excitability of BLA neurons, therefore any alteration of the inhibitory drive into the BLA via either pathway will determine neuronal excitability within the nucleus. This may explain the sensitivity of the BLA to the kindling phenomenon.
