WHEAT EC METALLOTHIONEIN GENES - LIKE MAMMALIAN ZN2+ METALLOTHIONEIN GENES, WHEAT ZN2+ METALLOTHIONEIN GENES ARE CONSPICUOUSLY EXPRESSED DURING EMBRYOGENESIS

A cDNA library was prepared from the bulk mRNA of mature wheat embryos and screened with mixed P-32-labeled oligonucleotide probes that encoded parts of the partial amino-acid sequence for the Zn-containing E(c) protein. Each DNA insert in 11 positives from a screen of 10(5) plaques encoded a 5' untranslated and a 3' untranslated region, in addition to an open reading frame (of 81 amino acids) which, in every case, corresponded to at least 56 of the 59 amino acids in the partial polypeptide sequence previously determined for the E(c) protein. The three different mRNA sequences encoded in the cDNA probably correspond to single-copy genes in the A, B and D genomes of hexaploid wheat. A wheat genomic library was screened with P-32-labeled cDNA and gave a single positive in a screen of 5 x 10(5) plaques. A 3.1-kb genomic fragment (gf-3.1) was sequenced and a cap site for the encoded mRNA was determined by primer extension. The gf-3.1 sequence encodes an intronless mRNA for the E(c) protein and contains appreciable amounts of 5' and 3' flanking sequences. In addition to a putative TATA box, two inverted-repeat sequences and one direct-repeat sequence, the 5' flank in gf-3.1 contains a sequence similar to the abscisic-acid-responsive element in other higher-plant genes but does not contain sequences similar to the metal-responsive elements in animal metallothionein genes. Consistent with these findings, RNA blotting shows that accumulation of E(c) mRNA is abundant in immature embryos, undetectable in germinated embryos and can be induced by adding abscisic acid, but not by adding Zn2+ to the medium in which mature wheat embryos are germinated. The findings suggest that the wheat E(c) metallothionein genes, like mammalian liver metallothionein genes, are conspicuously expressed during embryogenesis.