RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN METAL-CONTAMINATED STREAMS IN SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND

1. Macroinvertebrate species and information on thirty-nine variables were recorded at forty-six sites on twelve Cornish streams affected to varying extents by past metalliferous mining. 2. Relationships between macroinvertebrate communities and environmental variables were examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Copper was the strongest correlate with Axis 1 of the analysis, suggesting that it may have a major role in determining community structure. There were also strong correlations between Axis 1 and aluminium, alkalinity, pH, dissolved organic matter and algal cover, and between Axis 2 and discharge. 3. CCA distinguished four site groupings. In spite of seasonal changes in position on the ordination, as revealed through CCA and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), sites retained their group membership. There were differences in the proportions of the major taxa within the four CCA-derived groups. In the group with the highest copper concentration, Ephemeroptera were absent, but triclads and chironomids were abundant, with Orthocladiinae the dominant group. 4. Changes in the occurrence of species along the metal gradient reflected changes in sensitivity. 'Tolerance' plots of selected species based on the CCA site ordination diagram were used to identify environmental thresholds. 5. As well as direct toxic effects of copper and aluminium on invertebrate communities, co-precipitation of these two metals could be an important physical factor. Further modifying influences resulting from interactions between toxic metals and pH, alkalinity, hardness and dissolved organic matter contributed to the complexity of conditions affecting the faunal community in metal-contaminated streams. 6. The most severely contaminated sites, with mean copper concentration exceeding 500 mugl-1, were all characterized by a reduced community dominated by the flatworm Phagocata vitta, the chironomids Chaetocladius melaleucus and Eukiefferiella claripennis and the net-spinning caddis Plectrocnemia conspersa. The necessity for species identification is demonstrated in relation to variation in metal tolerance.