IMAGING BIOMOLECULE ARRAYS BY ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY

We describe here a method for constructing ordered molecular arrays and for detecting binding of biomolecules to these arrays using atomic force microscopy (AFM). These arrays simplify the discrimination of surface-bound biomolecules through the spatial control of ligand presentation. First, photolithography is used to spatially direct the synthesis of a matrix of biological ligands. A high-affinity binding partner is then applied to the matrix, which binds at locations defined by the ligand array. AFM is then used to detect the presence and organization of the high-affinity binding partner. Streptavidin-biotin arrays of 100 x 100 mu m and 8 x 8 mu m elements were fabricated by this method. Contact and noncontact AFM images reveal a dense lawn of streptavidin specific to the regions of biotin derivatization. These protein regions are characterized by a height profile of similar to 40 Angstrom over the base substrate with a 350-nm edge corresponding to the diffraction zone of the photolithography. High resolution scans reveal a granular topography dominated by 300 Angstrom diameter features. The ligand-bound protein can then be etched from the substrate using the AFM tip, leaving an 8 Angstrom shelf that probably corresponds to the underlying biotin layer.