DENSITY WAVES IN THE FLOWS OF GRANULAR MEDIA

We study density waves in the flows of granular particles through vertical tubes and hoppers using both analytic methods and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. We construct equations of motion for quasi-one-dimensional systems. The equations, combined with Bagnold's law for friction [Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 225, 49 (1954)] are used to describe the time evolutions of the density and the velocity fields for narrow tubes and hoppers. The solutions of the equations can have two types of density waves, kinetic and dynamic. For tubes, we can show the existence of kinetic waves and obtain the condition for dynamic waves from the equations. For hoppers, we obtain the solutions of the equations up to the first order of the opening angle, which also show the existence of kinetic waves. We reproduce density waves in the MD simulations for tubes. The waves are believed to be kinetic, based on a few evidences, including a well defined flux-density curve. In MD simulations of flows in hoppers, we find density waves, which are also believed to be kinetic.