Physiological energetics of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) .1. Respiration and nitrogen metabolism

This paper provides the basis for a general model of catabolic metabolism for developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Yolk-dependent routine rates of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and accumulation of ammonium ions were related to quantitative changes in contents of glucose, glycogen, lactate, free amino acids, proteins and lipid classes (lipid classes published separately) in order to determine the rate and sequence of catabolic substrate oxidation that occurs with development at 6.0 degrees C, 34.5 parts per thousand S. The stoichiometric relation of the oxygen consumption and total ammonia production to substrate utilisation indicated that during the first 2 to 3 d of development, glycogen was the sole substrate of oxidative metabolism. After formation of the syncytium, free amino acids (75%) together with polar lipids (13%, mainly phosphatidyl choline) and neutral lipids (9%, mainly triacylglycerol) comprised the metabolic fuels of embryonic development. Following hatch (Day 16 post fertilisation), the fuels were free amino acids (32%), polar lipids (20%, mainly phosphatidyl choline), neutral lipids (17%, mainly triacylglycerol) and proteins (31%). Thus, the catabolic metabolism of endogenously feeding Atlantic cod larvae was predominantly fuelled by amino acids (67%) and lipids (32%), while glycogen only accounted for 1% of the total enthalpy dissipated. It is proposed that the above sequence of catabolic substrate oxidation is also generally applicable to other cold-water fishes which spawn eggs that do not contain oil globules.