A COMPLEX PROMOTER ELEMENT MEDIATES TRANSACTIVATION OF THE HUMAN PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN PROMOTER BY THE 243-RESIDUE ADENOVIRUS E1A ONCOPROTEIN

The adenovirus E1A oncoproteins interfere with the normal regulation of cellular proliferation through interactions with cell cycle regulatory proteins. In view of the essential role of proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in DNA replication, we performed a mutational analysis of the minimal human PCNA promoter (nucleotides -87 to +62) to define sequence elements which mediate transactivation by the 243-residue E1A protein (E1A 243R). Linker-scanning and site-directed mutants were examined for basal and E1A-induced expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) from PCNA promoter-CAT reporter constructs transiently expressed in HeLa cells. The results define the cis-acting element required for induction of PCNA by E1A 243R as a region between -59 and -45 relative to the transcription initiation site. This PCNA E1A-responsive element (PERE), which is protected from DNase I digestion by nuclear extracts from 293 cells, includes the sequence AGCGTGG immediately upstream of the ATF binding site previously shown to be important for activation of PCNA by EIA 243R (G. F. Morris and M. B. Mathews, J. Virol. 65:6397-6406, 1991). Mutation of either the upstream component or the ATF site within the PERE diminishes basal promoter activity and abrogates transactivation by E1A 243R. This novel cis-acting element is also essential for both basal and E1A-induced expression in the context of the full-length PCNA promoter.