RECENT ADVANCES IN DISPLACEMENT MEASURING INTERFEROMETRY

The present state of high-resolution displacement measuring interferometry is reviewed. Factors which determine the accuracy, linearity and repeatability of nanometre-scale measurements of displacements exceeding a millimetre are emphasized. Many aspects of interferometry are discussed, including general metrology and alignment errors, as well as path length errors caused by changes in orientation of optical components such as cube corners. Optical mixing and the nonlinear relation between phase and displacement are considered, as well as the influence of diffraction on accuracy. Where possible, quantitative measures of the effect of these parameters on performance are provided. Environmental stability is a major factor in the repeatability and accuracy of measurement. It is difficult to obtain a measurement accuracy of 10(-7) when working in air. Several approaches to improving this situation are described, including multiwavelength interferometry. Recent measurements of the short- and long-term frequency stability of lasers are summarized. Optical feedback is a subtle, but important source of frequency destabilization, and methods of detection and isolation are reviewed. Other active areas of research, such as calibration of phase measuring electronics used for subfringe interpolation, are included. Progress in 'in situ' identification of error sources and methods of validating accuracy are emphasized.