Phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in rat Fao cells and stimulation by ciprofibrate

The basic mechanism(s) by which peroxisome proliferators activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) is (are) not yet fully understood. Given the diversity of peroxisome proliferators, several hypotheses of activation have been proposed. Among them is the notion that peroxisome proliferators could activate PPARs by changing their phosphorylation status. In fact, it is well known that several members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily are regulated by phosphorylation. In this report, we show that the rat Fao hepatic-derived cell line, known to respond to peroxisome proliferators, exhibited a high content of PPAR alpha. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of Fao cell lysate as well as immunoprecipitation of PPAR alpha from cells prelabeled with [P-32] orthophosphate clearly showed that PPAR alpha is indeed a phosphoprotein in vivo. Moreover, treatment of rat Fao cells with ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator, increased the phosphorylation level of the PPAR alpha. In addition, treatment of Fao cells with phosphatase inhibitors (okadaic acid and sodium orthovanadate) decreased the activity of ciprofibrate-induced peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, an enzyme encoded by a PPAR alpha target gene. Our results suggest that the gene expression controlled by peroxisome proliferators could be mediated in part by a modulation of the PPARa effect via a modification of the phosphorylation level of this receptor. BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 58;6:1001-1008, 1999. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.