Deposition, structure, and hardness of polycrystalline transition-metal nitride superlattice films

Polycrystalline TiN/VN, NbN/VN, and TiN/NbN superlattices with periods Lambda between 2 and 160 nm were deposited onto steel substrates using an opposed-cathode reactive magnetron sputtering system. The nitrogen partial pressure and the substrate bias values were optimized in order to obtain dense stoichiometric films, which yielded the highest Vickers hardnesses H-V. H-V for TiN/VN and TiN/NbN superlattices reached maximum values of approximate to 5000 kgf/mm(2) at Lambda approximate to 5-10 nm, compared with approximate to 2000 kgf/mm2 for homogeneous TiN, NbN, and VN films. In contrast, H-V approximate to 2000 Kgf/mm(2) was obtained for VN/NbN superlattices independent of Lambda. Model calculations in which the hardness enhancement was proportional to the difference in layer shear moduli gave good agreement with the data. The lack of hardness enhancement in VN/NbN indicates that any other hardening mechanisms, such as coherency strains and dislocation blocking by interfacial misfit dislocations, were not important.