Thermal conductivity and rheological properties of graphite/oil nanofluids

A series of colloidal graphite/oil nanofluids were prepared by mechanical ball milling method. Their thermal conductivity (TC) and theological properties were detailedly investigated. The TC tests show that the TC enhancements of the nanofluids depend strongly on the volume fraction (vol.%) of graphite and increase nonlinearly with increasing loading but have a weak relationship with temperature, and promisingly, only adding 1.36 vol.% of graphite into oil can result in a high TC enhancement of 36%. It is worth noting that the TC enhancement exhibits an abrupt variation, i.e., from 11% to 36%, when the amount of graphite increases from 0.68 to 1.36 vol.%, which could be attributed to the formation of percolating aggregate structures. The rheological measurements were also conducted to demonstrate the microstructure and fluid behaviors of the colloidal graphite/oil nanofluids. Compared with the Newtonian fluid behaviors of base liquids and other nanofluids, the obvious shear thinning, significant viscosity increase, and slight viscoelasticity enhancement for a typical nanofluid sample containing 1.36 vol.% graphite with dispersant can be created, offering the evidence for the formation of percolating aggregate structures. Our results may primarily provide a tremendous step on the way of finding abundant, low cost, commercially available, and high-performance nanomaterials for nanofluid production and secondarily determine if graphite-containing nanofluids toward practical applications are possible. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.