Conductive AFM and chemical analysis of highly conductive paths in DC degraded PZT with Ag/Pd electrodes

DC degraded PZT layers were studied by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). It is shown that mainly silver originating from the anode is massively redistributed on/in the PZT during voltage load. Highly conductive silver paths/filaments are strongly localized to grain boundaries in the bulk of the PZT layers and unambiguously identified as responsible for metal-like connection between anode and cathode. Formation of these paths starts close to the anode. This indicates the existence of a novel mode of resistance degradation without impact of humidity. A corresponding mechanism based on voltage induced oversaturation of PZT grains with silver and non-conventional electrochemical formation of anodic silver filaments is suggested. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.