Epilepsy as part of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes syndrome)

The antiphospholipid syndrome ( APS) is defined by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), demonstrated by ELISAs for antibodies against phospholipids and associated phospholipid-binding cofactor proteins and/or a circulating lupus anticoagulant ( LA) together with diverse systemic clinical manifestations such as thrombosis, and recurrent spontaneous abortions. According to the criteria set out in Sydney(1) the only neurological manifestations that can be suitable as APS classification criteria are ischemic events ( stroke and transient ischemic attacks). However, other neurological manifestations, including seizures in particular, have been repeatedly reported in APS patients.(2) The present review will summarize recent research on the association of aPL, as well as other autoantibodies, with seizure disorders, with or without concomitant SLE.