Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 3 and 4 induces interleukin-1β maturation by caspase-8

The cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta is a key mediator of the inflammatory response and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammation. IL-1 beta is synthesized in response to many stimuli as an inactive pro-IL-1 beta precursor protein that is further processed by caspase-1 into mature IL-1 beta, which is the secreted biologically active form of the cytokine. Although stimulation of membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) up-regulates pro-IL-1 beta expression, activation of caspase-1 is believed to be mainly initiated by cytosolic Nod-like receptors. In this study, we show that polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of macrophages induces pro-IL-1 beta processing via a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-beta-dependent signaling pathway that is initiated by TLR3 and TLR4, respectively. Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the intracellular receptors NALP3 or MDA5 did not affect poly(I:C)-induced pro-IL-1 beta processing. Surprisingly, poly(I:C)- and LPS-induced pro-IL-1 beta processing still occurred in caspase-1-deficient cells. In contrast, pro-IL-1 beta processing was inhibited by caspase-8 peptide inhibitors, CrmA or vFLIP expression, and caspase-8 knockdown via RNAi, indicating an essential role for caspase-8. Moreover, recombinant caspase-8 was able to cleave pro-IL-1 beta in vitro at exactly the same site as caspase-1. These results implicate a novel role for caspase-8 in the production of biologically active IL-1 beta in response to TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation.