Studies on phytosterol oxides .2. Content in some vegetable oils and in french fries prepared in these oils

Hydrogenated rapeseed oil/palm oil blend, sunflower oil and high-oleic sunflower oil, and French fries fried in these oils were assessed for contents of sterol oxidation products. Different oxidation products of phytosterols (7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxy-sito- and campesterol, 7-ketosito- and 7-ketocampesterol, 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxy-sito- and campesterol, 5 beta,6 beta-epoxy-sito- and campesterol, dihydroxysitosterol and dihydroxycampesterol) were identified and quantitated by gas chromatography (CC) and CC-mass spectroscopy. Rapeseed oil/palm oil blend contained 41 ppm total sterol oxides before frying operations. After two days of frying, this level was increased to 60 ppm. Sunflower oil and high-oleic sunflower oil had 40 and 46 ppm sterol oxides, respectively, before frying operations. After two days of frying operations, these levels increased to 57 and 56 ppm, respectively. in addition to campesterol and sitosterol oxidation products, small amounts of 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxystigmasterol were detected in the oil samples. Total sterol oxides in the lipids of French fries fried at 200 degrees C in rapeseed oil/palm oil blend, sunflower oil, and high-oleic sunflower oil were 32, 37, and 54 ppm, respectively. The levels of total oxidized sterols, calculated per g sample, ranged from 2.4 to 4.0 ppm. In addition to the content of phytosterol oxides, full scan mass spectra of several oxidation products of stigmasterol are reported for the first time.