Role of translation initiation factor 2B in control of cell survival by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β signaling pathway

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathway is an important mediator of growth factor-dependent survival of mammalian cells. A variety of targets of the Akt protein kinase have been implicated in cell survival, including the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3 beta). One of the targets of GSK-3 beta is translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), linking global regulation of protein synthesis to PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling. Because of the central role of protein synthesis, we have investigated the involvement of eIF2B, which is inhibited as a result of GSK-3 beta phosphorylation, in programmed cell death. We demonstrate that expression of eIF2B mutants lacking the GSK-3 beta phosphorylation or priming sites is sufficient to protect both Rat-1 and PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by overexpression of GSK-3 beta, inhibition of PI 3-kinase, or growth factor deprivation. Consistent with these effects on cell survival, expression of nonphosphorylatable eIF2B prevented inhibition of protein synthesis following treatment of cells with the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Conversely, cycloheximide induced apoptosis of PC12 and Rat-1 cells, further indicating that protein synthesis was required for cell survival. Inhibition of translation resulting front treatment with cycloheximide led to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, similar to the effects of inhibition of PI 3-kinase. Expression of nonphosphorylatable eIF2B prevented cytochrome c release resulting from PI 3-kinase inhibition but did not affect cytochrome c release or apoptosis induced by cycloheximide. Regulation of translation resulting from phosphorylation of eIF2B by GSK-3 beta thus appears to contribute to the control of cell survival by the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway, acting upstream of mitochondrial cytochrome c release.