Folding of the multidomain ribosomal protein L9: The two domains fold independently with remarkably different rates

The folding and unfolding behavior of the multidomain ribosomal protein L9 from Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by a novel combination of stopped-flow fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. One-dimensional H-1 spectra acquired at various temperatures show that the C-terminal domain unfolds at a lower temperature than the N-terminal domain (T-m = 67 degrees C for the C-terminal domain, 80 degrees C for the N-terminal domain). NMR line-shape analysis was used to determine the folding and unfolding rates for the N-terminal domain. At 72 degrees C, the folding rate constant equals 2980 s(-1) and the unfolding rate constant equals 640 s(-1). For the C-terminal domain, saturation transfer experiments performed at 69 degrees C were used to determine the folding rate constant, 3.3 s(-1), and the unfolding rate constant, 9.0 s(-1). Stopped-flow fluorescence experiments detected two resolved phases: a fast phase for the N-terminal domain and a slow phase for the C-terminal domain. The folding and unfolding rate constants determined by stopped-flow fluorescence are 760 s(-1) and 0.36 s(-1), respectively, for the N-terminal domain at 25 degrees C and 3.0 s(-1) and 0.0025 s(-1) for the C-terminal domain. The Chevron plots for both domains show a V-shaped curve that is indicative of two-state folding. The measured folding rate constants for the N-terminal domain in the intact protein are very similar to the values determined for the isolated N-terminal domain, demonstrating that the folding kinetics of this domain is not affected by the rest of the protein. The remarkably different rate constants between the N- and C-terminal domains suggest that the two domains can fold and unfold independently. The folding behavior of L9 argues that extremely rapid folding is not necessarily functionally important.