Genetic susceptibilities for immune expression and liver cell injury in autoimmune hepatitis

Genetic susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in white northern Europeans is related to female sex, HLA alleles encoding the six amino add sequence LLEQKR at positions 67-72 of the DRB1 polypeptide, and CTLA-4 gene polymorphism. The principal HLA. alleles associated with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Britain and North America are DRB1*0301 and DRB1*0401. In this model of susceptibility, lysine at position 71 of the expressed DR molecule is the critical amino acid. In Japan, Argentina and Mexico, susceptibility is linked to DRBl*0405 and DRBl*0404. These two alleles encode arginine at position 71 rather than lysine, but they share the motif LLEQ-R with DRBl*0401 and DRBl*0301. Thus, K or R at position 71 in the context of LLEQ-R may be critical fbr susceptibility. This "shared motif" or "epitope" may optimize T-cell recognition of autoantigen, and other alleles that encode lysine at DR beta 7l may also affect susceptibility and outcome, possibly by increasing the density of lysine or arginine 71 molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Since the DRBl*0301 allele is part of the extended ancestral 8.1 haplotype, it carries with it additional risk factors for autoimmunity, including TNFA*2 and C4A*Q0. Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is a polygenic disorder and other yet undefined polymorphic genes may be non-specific immunoregulators. These additional MHC encoded genes and other non-MHC encoded genes may be important determinants of disease susceptibility and severity in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis.