Synchrotron photoemission analysis of semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces by the frozen-electrolyte approach: Interaction of HCl in 2-propanol with GaAs(100)

Perspectives of a new approach for the synchrotron photoemission spectroscopic analysis of chemical processes at solid/liquid interfaces under UHV conditions have been explored. A thin layer of HCI-2-propanol solution was frozen-in on the semiconductor GaAs(100) wafer surface by cooling the substrate to liquid nitrogen temperature after etching off the native oxide layer under N(2) atmosphere. Chemical reactions induced in situ by exposure to synchrotron radiation (SR) and by stepwise heating have been monitored. Right after etching and freezing, the surface is covered by gallium chlorides with 1, 2, 3, and 4 Cl ions attached and lattice back-bonded to As atoms, as well as by elemental arsenic As(0) and 2-propanol. Exposure to SR at low temperature produces surface As chlorides at the expense of As(0). The GaCl(3) and GaCl(2) emissions diminish while GaCl is enhanced. On the other hand, heating the sample to approximately 130 K just above H(2)O desorption causes the thermodynamically expected reaction of AsCl(3) with the substrate GaAs to form Ga chloride species and As(0). Heating the sample to room temperature leaves only As(0) on the surface and for gallium the content of all surface chlorides is drastically reduced. By further heating to 400 K elemental arsenic starts to desorb and the Ga chloride surface content is reduced. Using different excitation energies the depth composition of the reaction products has been monitored indicating a tendency of decreasing chlorination numbers and increasing Ga vs As chloride content toward the pristine substrate at each stage of the reaction.