Myocardial alpha(1)-adrenoceptor: Inotropic effect and physiologic and pathologic implications

Alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors have been found in myocardium of all mammalian species. Although the exact underlying mechanisms have not been conclusively determined, it would appear that the myocardial effects of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors may vary in importance according to the pathophysiologic process involved. In physiological conditions, this receptor system plays a role in cardiac growth, cardiac contraction, and has both an antiarrhythmic function as well as a role in cardiac adaptation to various situations. This system is also involved in some pathological processes such as ischemia/reperfusion, ischemic preconditioning, and cardiac hypertrophy. The role of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in heart failure is somewhat controversial. Experimental evidence suggests that myocardial alpha(1)-adrenoceptors can have either beneficial or deleterious effects on the heart. It thus seems possible that the development of agents specific to certain subtypes of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor and a better understanding of their role in pathophysiologic states could be clinically relevant.