Pharmacologic influences on TMS effects

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used increasingly to probe the physiology of the human cortex. Besides measuring directly the cortical excitability in motor and visual systems, this noninvasive method can be used to study short- and long-term cortical plasticity. One possible method to examine basic mechanisms underlying cortical excitability and plasticity in humans is the combination of TMS and pharmacologic interventions. In this review the author describes TMS paradigms used to study mechanisms of plasticity in the intact human motor system and its excitability using pharmacologic methods.