Extrinsic stacking faults and twinning in Hadfield manganese steel single crystals

The study presented on the Hadfield steel single crystals has experimentally demonstrated extrinsic stacking faults and twinning in two orientations, and under tension and orientation under compression. A new dislocation model was introduced for the extrinsic stacking fault formation and for the nucleation of twinning. These results are critical for understanding the high strain hardening rates of Hadfield steel single and polycrystals such that every grain can twin and from additional barriers to dislocation motion. Moreover, these findings point to methods for designing low stacking fault energy materials with high strain hardening capability.