The behaviour of ad-dimers on the Si(001) surface is of great importance during epitaxial growth. In particular, during gas source growth, dimers form over the trench between dimer rows in the non-epitaxial orientation and must rotate before being incorporated into an epitaxial island. A rotation mode for dimers in this position is described, which leads to an understanding of an important step in the growth process. The mode is modelled with ab initio methods, and a barrier is found entirely in line with available experimental observations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.