Reactive Carbon Nano-Onion Modified Glassy Carbon Surfaces as DNA Sensors for Human Papillomavirus Oncogene Detection with Enhanced Sensitivity

Glassy,carbon electrodes were modified with small carbon nano-onions (CNOs) and activated by electrografting of diazonium salts bearing terminal carboxylic acid and maleimide groups. The CNO-modified surfaces were characterized by ESEM and AFM microscopy as well as by electrochemical techniques. The modified electrodes were used for the amperometric detection of a model DNA target sequence associated with the human papillomavirus by immobilizing short recognition sequences by amidation or thiol-maleimide reactions. The analytical parameters of the developed biosensors were compared with glassy carbon electrodes without CNOs. In both cases, the incorporation of CNOs resulted in an enhancement in sensitivity and a decrease in detection limits ascribed to a combination of large surface areas and enhanced electron transfer properties of the CNO-modified electrodes. These results offer promise for the construction of other CNO-based biomolecule detection platforms with enhanced sensitivities.