Serum response factor: toggling between disparate programs of gene expression

被引:498
作者
Miano, JM [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
关键词
promoter; transgenic; evolution; genome; bioinformatics; smooth muscle; calponin; integrin; myosin; myocardin; SM22;
D O I
10.1016/S0022-2828(03)00110-X
中图分类号
R5 [内科学];
学科分类号
1002 ; 100201 ;
摘要
Serum response factor (SRF) is a widely expressed transcription factor involved in orchestrating disparate programs of gene expression linked to muscle differentiation and cellular growth. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, for example, is marked by the coordinate expression of several contractile and cytoskeletal genes regulated directly by SRF through one or more CArG-box elements in the immediate vicinity of transcription start sites. In vascular disease, this CArG-dependent program of SMC differentiation is compromised and numerous CArG-dependent early growth-response genes are activated. Thus, SRF must toggle between programs of SMC differentiation and growth depending on local environmental cues. Moreover, SRF must distinguish between a course of SMC differentiation and programs of cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation. Several mechanisms exist to ensure context- and cell-specific programs of SRF-dependent gene expression. These include regulated expression, DNA binding, and alternative splicing of SRF, flanking sequences adjacent to and chromatin remodeling of CArG boxes. RhoA-mediated alterations in the cytoskeleton, and association of SRF with a variety of cell-restricted cofactors including the recently discovered myocardin coactivator. Although many SMC-differentiation genes require critical evolutionarily conserved CArG boxes for SMC-restricted promoter activity in cultured cells and transgenic mice, the expression of a growing number of similarly restricted genes appears to be independent of SRF. Thus, parallel circuits of gene transcription have evolved for the appropriate expression of all genes that define mammalian SMC lineages. The purpose of this review is to summarize the history and progress made in SRF research with emphasis on the role this transcription factor plays in facilitating a program of SMC-restricted gene expression. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:577 / 593
页数:17
相关论文
共 185 条
[11]   THE SARCOMERIC ACTIN CARG-BINDING FACTOR IS INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THE C-FOS SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR [J].
BOXER, LM ;
PRYWES, R ;
ROEDER, RG ;
KEDES, L .
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, 1989, 9 (02) :515-522
[12]   The developmentally regulated expression of serum response factor plays a key role in the control of smooth muscle-specific genes [J].
Browning, CL ;
Culberson, DE ;
Aragon, IV ;
Fillmore, RA ;
Croissant, JD ;
Schwartz, RJ ;
Zimmer, WE .
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, 1998, 194 (01) :18-37
[13]   Physiological control of smooth muscle-specific gene expression through regulated nuclear translocation of serum response factor [J].
Camoretti-Mercado, B ;
Liu, HW ;
Halayko, AJ ;
Forsythe, SM ;
Kyle, JW ;
Li, B ;
Fu, YP ;
McConville, J ;
Kogut, P ;
Vieira, JE ;
Patel, NM ;
Hershenson, MB ;
Fuchs, E ;
Sinha, S ;
Miano, JM ;
Parmacek, MS ;
Burkhardt, JK ;
Solway, J .
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 2000, 275 (39) :30387-30393
[14]   RECENT ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY - SMOOTH-MUSCLE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES IN ARTERIAL-WALL HOMEOSTASIS - IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS [J].
CAMPBELL, GR ;
CAMPBELL, JH .
EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY, 1985, 42 (02) :139-162
[15]   The smooth muscle γ-actin gene promoter is a molecular target for the mouse bagpipe homologue, mNkx3-1, and serum response factor [J].
Carson, JA ;
Fillmore, RA ;
Schwartz, RJ ;
Zimmer, WE .
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 2000, 275 (50) :39061-39072
[16]   Cysteine-rich LIM-only proteins CRP1 and CRP2 are potent smooth muscle differentiation cofactors [J].
Chang, DF ;
Belaguli, NS ;
Iyer, D ;
Roberts, WB ;
Wu, SP ;
Dong, XR ;
Marx, JG ;
Moore, MS ;
Beckerle, MC ;
Majesky, MW ;
Schwartz, RJ .
DEVELOPMENTAL CELL, 2003, 4 (01) :107-118
[17]   Muscle specificity encoded by specific serum response factor-binding sites [J].
Chang, PS ;
Li, L ;
McAnally, J ;
Olson, EN .
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 2001, 276 (20) :17206-17212
[18]   Hop is an unusual homeobox gene that modulates cardiac development [J].
Chen, F ;
Kook, H ;
Milewski, R ;
Gitler, AD ;
Lu, MM ;
Li, J ;
Nazarian, R ;
Schnepp, R ;
Jen, K ;
Biben, C ;
Runke, G ;
Mackay, JP ;
Novotny, J ;
Schwartz, RJ ;
Harvey, RP ;
Mullins, MC ;
Epstein, JA .
CELL, 2002, 110 (06) :713-723
[19]   Essential and redundant functions of the MyoD distal regulatory region revealed by targeted mutagenesis [J].
Chen, JCJ ;
Ramachandran, R ;
Goldhamer, DJ .
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, 2002, 245 (01) :213-223
[20]   Myocardin: A component of a molecular switch for smooth muscle differentiation [J].
Chen, JY ;
Kitchen, CM ;
Streb, JW ;
Miano, JM .
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY, 2002, 34 (10) :1345-1356