Regulator of G signaling 16 is a marker for the distinct encloplasmic reticulum stress state associated with aggregated mutant α1-antitrypsin Z in the classical form of α1-antitrypsin deficiency

In the classical form of alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, a mutant protein accumulates in a polymerized form in the encloplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver cells causing liver damage and carcinogenesis by a gain-of-toxic function mechanism. Recent studies have indicated that the accumulation of mutant alpha-antitrypsin Z in the ER specifically activates the autophagic response but not the unfolded protein response and that autophagy plays a critical role in disposal of insoluble alpha-antitrypsin Z. In this study, we used genomic analysis of the liver in a novel transgenic mouse model with inducible expression to screen for changes in gene expression that would potentially define how the liver responds to accumulation of this mutant protein. There was no unfolded protein response. Of several distinct gene expression profiles, marked up-regulation of regulator of G signaling (RS16) was particularly notable. RGS16 did not increase when model systems were exposed to classical inducers of ER stress, including tunicamycin and calcium ionophore, or when a nonpolymerogenic alpha-antitrypsin mutant accumulated in the ER. RGS16 was up-regulated in livers from patients with alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, and the degree of up-regulation correlated with the hepatic levels of insoluble alpha-antitrypsin Z protein. Taken together, these results indicate that expression of RGS16 is an excellent marker for the distinct form of "ER stress" that occurs in alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, presumably determined by the aggregation-prone properties of the mutant protein that characterizes the deficiency.