Changes in resting and walking energy expenditure and walking speed during pregnancy in obese women

Background: Energy-conserving processes reported in undernourished women during pregnancy are a recognized strategy for providing the energy required to support fetal development. Women who are obese before conceiving arguably have sufficient fat stores to support the energy demands of pregnancy without the need to provoke energy-conserving mechanisms. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that obese women would show behavioral adaptation [ie, a decrease in self-selected walking (SSW) speed] but not metabolic compensation [ie, a decrease in resting metabolic rate (RMR) or the metabolic cost of walking] during gestation. Design: RMR, SSW speed, metabolic cost of walking, and anthropometric variables were measured in 23 women aged 31 +/- 4 y with a BMI (in kg/m(2)) of 33.6 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SD) at similar to 15 and 30 wk of gestation. RMR was also measured in 2 cohorts of nonpregnant control subjects matched for the age, weight, and height of the pregnant cohort at 15 (n = 23) and 30 (n = 23) wk. Results: Gestational weight gain varied widely (11.3 +/- 5.4 kg), and 52% of the women gained more weight than is recommended. RMR increased significantly by an average of 177 6 176 kcal/d (11 +/- 12%; P < 0.0001); however, the within-group variability was large. Both the metabolic cost of walking and SSW speed decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Whereas RMR increased in >80% of the cohort, the net oxygen cost of walking decreased in the same proportion of women. Conclusion: Although the increase in RMR was greater than that explained by weight gain, evidence of both behavioral and biological compensation in the metabolic cost of walking was observed in obese women during gestation. The trial is registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN012606000271505. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:819-30.