When less is more: a more efficient vapour-diffusion protocol

Reducing protein consumption during crystallization screening is of utmost importance to crystallographers because of the time, effort and money that goes into producing pure protein. One approach is to reduce sample volumes with robotics, but a patent and the high cost of equipment limits access. Here, it is shown that the same result can be obtained by reducing the sample concentration in a modified vapour-diffusion protocol, the dilution method. In this protocol, the protein and mother liquor in the crystallization drop are both diluted, while the mother liquor in the well remains undiluted. Vapour diffusion will shrink the initial volume of the crystallization drop, e.g. 1 mul or more, to a drop size equivalent to one dispensed by a robot. This new crystallization method circumvents some of the current problems associated with robotic crystallization screening trials. Because of the large initial volume of the crystallization drop, the evaporation problem is eliminated and dispensing accuracy is improved. In addition, the likelihood that the crystallization experiment starts in the undersaturated region is increased.