Implementation and testing of the first prompt search for gravitational wave transients with electromagnetic counterparts

被引：81

作者：

Abadie, J. ^{[2
]}

Abbott, B. P. ^{[2
]}

Abbott, R. ^{[2
]}

Abbott, T. D. ^{[3
]}

Abernathy, M. ^{[4
]}

Accadia, T. ^{[5
,6
]}

Acernese, F. ^{[8
]}

Adams, C. ^{[9
]}

Adhikari, R. ^{[2
]}

Affeldt, C. ^{[10
,11
]}

Agathos, M. ^{[12
,18
]}

Ajith, P. ^{[2
]}

Allen, B. ^{[10
,11
,14
]}

Allen, G. S. ^{[15
]}

Ceron, E. Amador ^{[14
]}

Amariutei, D.

Amin, R. S. ^{[16
,17
]}

Anderson, S. B. ^{[2
]}

Anderson, W. G. ^{[14
]}

Arai, K. ^{[2
]}

Arain, M. A. ^{[16
]}

Araya, M. C. ^{[2
]}

Aston, S. M.

Astone, P. ^{[19
]}

Atkinson, D. ^{[21
]}

Aufmuth, P. ^{[10
]}

Aulbert, C. ^{[10
,11
]}

Aylott, B. E. ^{[18
]}

Babak, S. ^{[22
]}

Baker, P. ^{[23
]}

Ballardin, G. ^{[24
]}

Ballmer, S. ^{[25
]}

Barker, D. ^{[21
]}

Barone, F. ^{[6
,8
]}

Barr, B. ^{[4
]}

Barriga, P. ^{[26
]}

Barsotti, L. ^{[27
]}

Barsuglia, M. ^{[28
]}

Barton, M. A. ^{[21
]}

Bartos, I. ^{[29
]}

Bassiri, R. ^{[4
]}

Bastarrika, M. ^{[4
]}

Basti, A. ^{[5
,30
,31
]}

Batch, J. ^{[21
]}

Bauchrowitz, J. ^{[10
,11
]}

Bauer, Th. S. ^{[12
]}

Bebronne, M. ^{[5
]}

Behnke, B. ^{[22
]}

Beker, M. G. ^{[12
]}

Bell, A. S. ^{[4
]}

机构：

[1] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[2] LIGO Calif Inst Technol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[3] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA

[4] Univ Glasgow, SUPA, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland

[5] Univ Savoie, CNRS IN2P3, Lab Annecy Le Vieux Phys Particules LAPP, F-74941 Annecy Le Vieux, France

[6] INFN, Sezione Napoli, Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[7] Univ Naples Federico II, Complesso Univ Monte S Ang, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[8] Univ Salerno, I-84084 Salerno, Italy

[9] LIGO Livingston Observ, Livingston, LA 70754 USA

[10] Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, Albert Einstein Inst, D-30167 Hannover, Germany

[11] Leibniz Univ Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany

[12] Nikhef, Amsterdam, Netherlands

[13] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands

[14] Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA

[15] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[16] Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

[17] Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA

[18] Univ Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England

[19] INFN, Sezione Roma, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[20] Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[21] LIGO Hanford Observ, Richland, WA 99352 USA

[22] Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, Albert Einstein Inst, D-14476 Golm, Germany

[23] Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA

[24] EGO, I-56021 Cascina, PI, Italy

[25] Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA

[26] Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

[27] LIGO Massachusetts Inst Technol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

[28] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS IN2P3, CEA Irfu, Observ Paris,APC, F-75205 Paris 13, France

[29] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA

[30] Univ Pisa, INFN, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[31] Univ Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[32] Univ Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy

[33] Univ Texas Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA

[34] San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA

[35] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow 119992, Russia

[36] Univ Paris Sud, IN2P3 CNRS, LAL, F-91898 Orsay, France

[37] CNRS, ESPCI, F-75005 Paris, France

[38] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA

[39] Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Observ Cote Azur, F-06304 Nice, France

[40] Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, Inst Phys Rennes, F-35042 Rennes, France

[41] IN2P3 CNRS, LMA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France

[42] Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA

[43] INFN, Sezione Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

[44] Univ Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

[45] INFN, Sezione Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

[46] Univ Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy

[47] Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA

[48] Univ Paris 06, UPMC, CNRS, Lab Kastler Brossel,ENS, F-75005 Paris, France

[49] HSIC, Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England

[50] IM PAN, PL-00956 Warsaw, Poland

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2012年 / 539卷

基金：

美国国家航空航天局; 美国国家科学基金会; 澳大利亚研究理事会;

关键词：

gravitational waves; methods: observational; GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; TELESCOPE; AFTERGLOWS; SWIFT; GRB; PROSPECTS; EMISSIONS; CATALOG; DISKS;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201118219

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Aims. A transient astrophysical event observed in both gravitational wave (GW) and electromagnetic (EM) channels would yield rich scientific rewards. A first program initiating EM follow-ups to possible transient GW events has been developed and exercised by the LIGO and Virgo community in association with several partners. In this paper, we describe and evaluate the methods used to promptly identify and localize GW event candidates and to request images of targeted sky locations. Methods. During two observing periods (Dec. 17, 2009 to Jan. 8, 2010 and Sep. 2 to Oct. 20, 2010), a low-latency analysis pipeline was used to identify GW event candidates and to reconstruct maps of possible sky locations. A catalog of nearby galaxies and Milky Way globular clusters was used to select the most promising sky positions to be imaged, and this directional information was delivered to EM observatories with time lags of about thirty minutes. A Monte Carlo simulation has been used to evaluate the low-latency GW pipeline's ability to reconstruct source positions correctly. Results. For signals near the detection threshold, our low-latency algorithms often localized simulated GW burst signals to tens of square degrees, while neutron star/neutron star inspirals and neutron star/black hole inspirals were localized to a few hundred square degrees. Localization precision improves for moderately stronger signals. The correct sky location of signals well above threshold and originating from nearby galaxies may be observed with similar to 50% or better probability with a few pointings of wide-field telescopes.

引用

页数：15

共 102 条

[81] A search for untriggered GRB afterglows with ROTSE-III [J].

Rykoff, ES ;

Aharonian, F ;

Akerlof, CW ;

Alatalo, K ;

Ashley, MCB ;

Güver, T ;

Horns, D ;

Kehoe, RL ;

Kiziloglu, Ü ;

McKay, TA ;

Özel, M ;

Phillips, A ;

Quimby, RM ;

Schaefer, BE ;

Smith, DA ;

Swan, HF ;

Vestrand, WT ;

Wheeler, JC ;

Wren, J ;

Yost, SA .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2005, 631 (02) :1032-1038

[82] Networks of gravitational wave detectors and three figures of merit [J].

Schutz, Bernard F. .

CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY, 2011, 28 (12)

[83] DETERMINING THE HUBBLE CONSTANT FROM GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE OBSERVATIONS [J].

SCHUTZ, BF .

NATURE, 1986, 323 (6086) :310-311

[84] Bayesian detection of unmodeled bursts of gravitational waves [J].

Searle, Antony C. ;

Sutton, Patrick J. ;

Tinto, Massimo .

CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY, 2009, 26 (15)

[85] Robust Bayesian detection of unmodelled bursts [J].

Searle, Antony C. ;

Sutton, Patrick J. ;

Tinto, Massimo ;

Woan, Graham .

CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY, 2008, 25 (11)

[86] Prospects of LIGO for constraining inclination of merging compact binaries associated with three-dimensionally localized short-hard GRBs [J].

Seto, Naoki .

PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 2007, 75 (02)

[87] Gravitational wave bursts from cosmic (super)strings: Quantitative analysis and constraints [J].

Siemens, Xavier ;

Creighton, Jolien ;

Maor, Irit ;

Majumder, Saikat Ray ;

Cannon, Kipp ;

Read, Jocelyn .

PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 2006, 73 (10)

[88] An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova [J].

Soderberg, A. M. ;

Berger, E. ;

Page, K. L. ;

Schady, P. ;

Parrent, J. ;

Pooley, D. ;

Wang, X. -Y. ;

Ofek, E. O. ;

Cucchiara, A. ;

Rau, A. ;

Waxman, E. ;

Simon, J. D. ;

Bock, D. C. -J. ;

Milne, P. A. ;

Page, M. J. ;

Barentine, J. C. ;

Barthelmy, S. D. ;

Beardmore, A. P. ;

Bietenholz, M. F. ;

Brown, P. ;

Burrows, A. ;

Burrows, D. N. ;

Byrngelson, G. ;

Cenko, S. B. ;

Chandra, P. ;

Cummings, J. R. ;

Fox, D. B. ;

Gal-Yam, A. ;

Gehrels, N. ;

Immler, S. ;

Kasliwal, M. ;

Kong, A. K. H. ;

Krimm, H. A. ;

Kulkarni, S. R. ;

Maccarone, T. J. ;

Meszaros, P. ;

Nakar, E. ;

O'Brien, P. T. ;

Overzier, R. A. ;

de Pasquale, M. ;

Racusin, J. ;

Rea, N. ;

York, D. G. .

NATURE, 2008, 453 (7194) :469-474

[89] Observing pulsars and fast transients with LOFAR [J].

Stappers, B. W. ;

Hessels, J. W. T. ;

Alexov, A. ;

Anderson, K. ;

Coenen, T. ;

Hassall, T. ;

Karastergiou, A. ;

Kondratiev, V. I. ;

Kramer, M. ;

van Leeuwen, J. ;

Mol, J. D. ;

Noutsos, A. ;

Romein, J. W. ;

Weltevrede, P. ;

Fender, R. ;

Wijers, R. A. M. J. ;

Bahren, L. ;

Bell, M. E. ;

Broderick, J. ;

Daw, E. J. ;

Dhillon, V. S. ;

Eisloeffel, J. ;

Falcke, H. ;

Griessmeier, J. ;

Law, C. ;

Markoff, S. ;

Miller-Jones, J. C. A. ;

Scheers, B. ;

Spreeuw, H. ;

Swinbank, J. ;

ter Veen, S. ;

Wise, M. W. ;

Wucknitz, O. ;

Zarka, P. ;

Anderson, J. ;

Asgekar, A. ;

Avruch, I. M. ;

Beck, R. ;

Bennema, P. ;

Bentum, M. J. ;

Best, P. ;

Bregman, J. ;

Brentjens, M. ;

van de Brink, R. H. ;

Broekema, P. C. ;

Brouw, W. N. ;

Brueggen, M. ;

de Bruyn, A. G. ;

Butcher, H. R. ;

Ciardi, B. .

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 530

[90] The Liverpool telescope: Performance and first results [J].

Steele, IA ;

Smith, RJ ;

Rees, PC ;

Baker, IP ;

Bates, SD ;

Bode, MF ;

Bowman, MK ;

Carter, D ;

Etherton, J ;

Ford, MJ ;

Fraser, SN ;

Gomboc, A ;

Lett, RDJ ;

Mansfield, AG ;

Marchant, JM ;

Medrano-Cerda, GA ;

Mottram, CJ ;

Raback, D ;

Scott, AB ;

Tomlinson, MD ;

Zamanov, R .

GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES, PTS 1 AND 2, 2004, 5489 :679-692

← 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 →