Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: From risk factors to prevention

被引:130
作者
Ascherio, Alberto [1 ,2 ]
Munger, Kassandra [1 ]
机构
[1] Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA
[2] Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
关键词
multiple sclerosis; epidemiology; vitamin D; infection; environment;
D O I
10.1055/s-2007-1019126
中图分类号
R74 [神经病学与精神病学];
学科分类号
摘要
Although genetic susceptibility explains the clustering of multiple sclerosis (MS) within families and the sharp decline in risk with increasing genetic distance, it cannot fully explain the geographical variations in MS frequency and the changes in risk that occur with migration, which support the action of strong environmental factors. Among these, vitamin D status, infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, and cigarette smoking are emerging as the most consistent predictors. of MS risk. In this article, we review the epidemiological data, critically discuss the evidence for causality of these associations, and briefly discuss the possibility of interventions to reduce MS risk.
引用
收藏
页码:17 / 28
页数:12
相关论文
共 111 条
[71]   The vitamin D receptor is necessary for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice [J].
Meehan, TF ;
DeLuca, HF .
ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS, 2002, 408 (02) :200-204
[72]   Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis [J].
Munger, Kassandra L. ;
Levin, Lynn I. ;
Hollis, Bruce W. ;
Howard, Noel S. ;
Ascherio, Alberto .
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 2006, 296 (23) :2832-2838
[73]   Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis [J].
Munger, KL ;
Zhang, SM ;
O'Reilly, E ;
Hernán, MA ;
Olek, MJ ;
Willett, WC ;
Ascherio, A .
NEUROLOGY, 2004, 62 (01) :60-65
[74]   Rag-1-dependent cells are necessary for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [J].
Nashold, FE ;
Hoag, KA ;
Goverman, J ;
Hayes, CE .
JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY, 2001, 119 (01) :16-29
[75]  
Niederman JC, 1997, VIRAL INFECT HUMANS, P253
[76]   Multiple sclerosis after infectious mononucleosis [J].
Nielsen, Trine Rasmussen ;
Rostgaard, Klaus ;
Nielsen, Nete Munk ;
Koch-Henriksen, Nils ;
Haahr, Sven ;
Sorensen, Per Soelberg ;
Hjalgrim, Henrik .
ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY, 2007, 64 (01) :72-75
[77]  
NORMAN JE, 1983, J CHRON DIS, V36, P551, DOI 10.1016/0021-9681(83)90142-X
[78]   Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study [J].
Orton, Sarah-Michelle ;
Herrera, Blanca M. ;
Yee, Irene M. ;
Valdar, William ;
Ramagopalan, Sreeram V. ;
Sadovnick, A. Dessa ;
Ebers, George C. .
LANCET NEUROLOGY, 2006, 5 (11) :932-936
[79]   High seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in children with multiple sclerosis [J].
Pohl, D. ;
Krone, B. ;
Rostasy, K. ;
Kahler, E. ;
Brunner, E. ;
Lehnert, M. ;
Wagner, H. -J. ;
Gaertner, J. ;
Hanefeld, F. .
NEUROLOGY, 2006, 67 (11) :2063-2065
[80]  
POSKANZER DC, 1963, LANCET, V2, P917