Entrepreneurial leadership: developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct

In the increasingly turbulent and competitive environment business firms face today, a type of "entrepreneurial" leader distinct from other behavioral forms of leadership is required. This article develops the construct of entrepreneurial leadership using the works on entrepreneurship and leadership as a guide. It also proposes an empirical measure of the construct using data from the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) study on leadership consisting of a 62-society cross-cultural sample of over 15,000 middle managers. Findings provide evidence of the "etic" or universal appeal of the construct of entrepreneurial leadership across cultures and some preliminary insights on the factors contributing to societal differences in the perceived effectiveness of entrepreneurial leadership. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.