The lupus phenotype in B6.NZBc1 congenic mice reflects interactions between multiple susceptibility loci and a suppressor locus

Lupus susceptibility loci on chromosome 1 have an important role in the development of autoimmunity in the New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse. We have previously shown that C57BL/6 congenic mice with an introgressed homozygous NZB chromosome 1 interval extending from similar to 35 to 106cM develop anti-nuclear antibodies and mild glomerulonephritis. In this study, we produced subcongenic mouse strains to localize the susceptibility loci in this interval and investigate how they promote autoimmunity. Our results indicate at least four susceptibility alleles and a suppressor allele. One allele is located in the 96-100cM region and is sufficient to breach tolerance to chromatin. Addition of a second locus in the 88-96 cM interval enhances anti-dsDNA antibody production and promotes renal disease, which together with a third susceptibility allele in the 70-88 interval results in significant mortality. We further demonstrate the presence of a suppressor locus in the 35-70 or 100-102cM interval that abrogates these phenotypes and an additional susceptibility allele in the 102-106cM interval that restores a milder autoimmune phenotype. Several of these loci alter T-cell function. Thus, there is substantial genetic complexity in the NZB 35-106cM interval, with disease reflecting a balance between susceptibility and suppressor loci. Genes and Immunity (2011) 12, 251-262; doi:10.1038/gene.2010.71; published online 10 February 2011