Surface modification of iron oxide nanoparticles by a phosphate-based macromonomer and further encapsulation into submicrometer polystyrene particles by miniemulsion polymerization

A new strategy relying on the use of a phosphate-based macromonomer (PAM200) to modify the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles was developed for the synthesis of submicrometer polystyrene (PS) magnetic particles. First, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using the coprecipitation of ferrous and ferric salts in alkaline medium. Besides the classical oleic acid (OA)/octane-based ferrofluid, styrene-based ferrofluids were elaborated with either OA or PAM200 as the stabilizer. In all cases, maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) was clearly identified, with nanoparticles rather spherical in shape but exhibiting broad particle size distribution (PSD). Both OA and PAM200 led to stable maghemite-based ferrofluids showing superparamagnetic properties. Further use of these ferrofluids in styrene miniemulsion polymerization resulted in inhomogeneous distribution of maghemite among and inside the polymer particles with OA-based ferrofluids, whereas PAM200/styrene-based ferrofluids led to magnetic particles with homogeneous distribution of maghemite inside PS particles. Broad PSD and small nonmagnetic particles were however observed. The true mechanisms operating in these systems are still to elucidate, but this study validates PAM200 as an efficient compatibilizing agent between hydrophilic maghemite and hydrophobic PS. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.