M1 muscarinic agonists can modulate some of the hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease -: Implications in future therapy

M, muscarinic receptors (M, mAChRs) play a role in an apparent linkage of three major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD): P-amyloid (Abeta) peptide; tau hyperphosphorylation and paired helical filaments (PHFs); and loss of cholinergic function conducive to cognitive impairments. We evaluated the M, muscarinic agonists AF102B (Cevimeline, EVOXAC(TM): prescribed for Sjogren's syndrome), AF150(S), and AF267B on some of these hallmarks of AD. Activation of M, mAChRs with these agonists leads, inter alia, to enhanced secretion of amyloid precursor protein (alpha-APP), (via alpha-secretase activation), to decreased Abeta (via gamma-secretase inhibition), and to inhibition of Abeta- and/or oxidative stress-induced cell death. In several animal models mimicking different aspects of AD, these drugs restored cognitive impairments, and in select cases induced a decrease in brain Abeta elevation, with a high safety margin, following po administration. Notably, in mice with small hippocampi, unlike rivastigmine and nicotine, AF150(S) and AF267B restored cognitive impairments also on escape latency in a Morris water maze paradigm, in reversal learning. Studies from other labs showed that AF102B and talsaclidine (another M-1 agonist) decreased cerbrospinal fluid (CSF) Abeta in AD patients following chronic treatment, being the first reported drugs with such a profile. The clinical significance of these studies remains to be elucidated, yet based on in vivo (rabbits) and in vitro studies (cell cultures), our M, agonists can decrease brain Abeta, owing to a novel and dual complementary effect (e.g., inhibition of gamma-secretase and activation of a-secretase). Remarkably, although M, agonists can decrease CSF Abeta in AD patients, an increased AD-type pathology in Parkinson's disease was recently been associated with chronic antimuscarinic treatment. In another aspect, these agonists decreased tau hyperphosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Notably, nicotinic agonists or cholinesterase inhibitors increased tau hyperphosphorylation. In summary, the M, agonists tested are effective on cognition and behavior and show unique disease-modifying properties owing to beneficial effects on major hallmarks of AD. This may place such drugs in the first line of modern AD therapies (e.g., beta- or gamma-secretase inhibitors, vaccines against Abeta, statins, and inhibitors of tau hyperphosphorylation).