Multiobjective Optimization of Rehabilitation and Leakage Detection Scheduling in Water Distribution Systems

This paper presents a procedure for optimal medium-term scheduling (e.g., over a time window of 5 years) of rehabilitation and leakage detection interventions in a water distribution system given predetermined budget constraints. The decisional variables are the interventions to be scheduled, that is, which pipes to replace and when (in which year), and where and when (in which zone and year) to carry out leakage detection surveys, while the objectives are to minimize the volumes of water lost and break repair costs. The optimizer used is the NSGA II multiobjective genetic algorithm. It is assumed that the budget allocated for leakage detection and pipe rehabilitation (proactive interventions) represents a separate expenditure item from that for the repair of breaks (reactive interventions). In particular, whereas repair costs are subject to minimization, the budget for proactive interventions is allocated on a yearly basis during the scheduling period and a constraint is determined by the fact that the amounts budgeted must be completely spent, year after year: this reflects the customary practice of water utilities, which strive to spend the entire budget available to them, since any residual amount may not be reallocated to the same expenditure item in the year or years to come. The multiobjective optimization procedure does not produce one optimal solution, but rather the Pareto front of nondominated solutions. Some considerations for identifying a range of solutions within this front, from which to choose the one to apply, are thus discussed. The procedure is applied to a real water distribution system using advanced models to represent the various processes that characterize the problem, namely, leakages as a function of pipe age and pressure, actual nodal discharges released as a function of head, time series of pipe breaks, etc. and the results obtained show that the proposed procedure may be a useful decision support tool for scheduling leakage detection campaigns and rehabilitation interventions.