Direct solid sampling with electrothermal vaporization/atomization: what for and how?

In this article, the advantages and the disadvantages of solid sampling-graphite-furnace-based methods are critically examined, taking into account the latest research. A discussion of the different situations for which these methods are best suited within analytical chemistry is presented, together with a general methodology intended to maximize their advantages. The topics discussed include achieving a selective atomization/vaporization of the analyte, calibration, the use of alternative working conditions, and data treatment as a function of the specific goals of the analysis. The purpose of the article is to offer a critical, but tutorial, evaluation of the possibilities of these methods, making it easier for new users to approach them and take advantage of their possibilities. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.