Development of stable isotope dilution quantification liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for estimation of exposure levels of bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and pentachlorophenol in indoor air

The potential risks to human health and reproduction of phenolic xenoestrogens, such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and pentachlorophenol (PCP), have not been fully elucidated. It is possible that healthy humans are exposed to phenolic xenoestrogens in their daily lives. It is also possible that the source of human exposure to trace amounts of phenolic xenoestrogens is indoor air. Therefore, we have established an accurate, sensitive, and selective method for determining BPA, OP, NP, TBBPA, and PCP in air samples by using stable isotope dilution techniques using C-13(12)-BPA, 4-(1-methyl) octylphenol-d(5) (m-OP-d(5)), C-13(12)-TBBPA, C-13(6)-PCP, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Air sampling (71/min, 24 hours), using glass filters (GB-100R, 47 mm) and Empore SDB-XD filters (47 mm/0.5 mm, 3M, Tokyo, Japan) and subsequent extraction by washing were carried out. Then the extracted sample solution was subjected to LC-MS. The percentage recovery of these analytes ranged from 87.0% to 101.9% (SD 0.2% to 4.6%, n = 3) with correction using the stable isotope dilution quantification method. The quantification limit (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N > 10) in the air samples was 0.1 ng/m(3). Our findings suggest that the LC-MS method can detect low levels of phenolic xenoestrogens in air samples and that these trace levels of analytes exist in indoor air.