Generalization of a habituated feeding deterrent response to unrelated antifeedants following prolonged exposure in a generalist herbivore, Trichoplusia ni

The possibility of generalization of habituated response to unrelated feeding deterrents following prolonged exposure was examined in third instar Trichoplusiani (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) larvae by rearing them on antifeedants and then testing with other unrelated antifeedants. We introduced neonate larvae (<24-hr old) onto cabbage leaves treated with crude seed extracts of Melia volkensii (Meliaceae) or oil of Origanum vulgare ("oregano") (Lamiaceae) and allowed them to feed until early in the third instar. Naive larvae were reared on cabbage leaves treated with carrier solvent alone. Both experienced and naive larvae were tested for feeding deterrent response with the same and the different extracts in a leaf disc choice bioassay. Habituation was generalized to both M. volkensii and oregano following prolonged exposure to either plant extract and also to a pure allelochemical, thymol, following prolonged exposure to either digitoxin or xanthotoxin. However, there was no generalization of the habituated response to oregano following prolonged exposure to digitoxin or thymol, or to thymol or xanthotoxin following prolonged exposure to oregano or M. volkensii. Our results demonstrate that habituated response to feeding deterrents in a polyphagous insect herbivore can be generalized among and between plant extracts and pure allelochemicals, but not in all situations. The implications of such behavioral plasticity in herbivorous insects for the use of antifeedants as crop protectants or for host plant shifts is discussed.