Towards in vivo nuclear microscopy: iodine-125 imaging in mice using micro-pinholes

Position-sensitive gamma-radiation detectors equipped with collimators have been used for in vivo imaging of the distribution of radiolabelled molecules in laboratory animals and humans for several decades. To date, the best image resolution achieved in a rodent is on the order of 1 mm. Here we demonstrate how a basic and compact gamma camera can be constructed for in vivo radionuclide imaging in small animals, at much higher spatial resolution. Resolution improvements were obtained by combining dense, shaped, micro-pinhole apertures with iodine-125, an isotope with low energy emissions, ease of incorporation into a wide range of molecules, and straightforward translation into the clinic via other isotopes of iodine that are suitable for nuclear medicine imaging. I-125 images of test distributions and a mouse thyroid have been obtained at a resolution of as high as 200 mum using this simple bench-top camera. Possible future applications and extension to ultra-high-resolution emission tomography are discussed.