The effects of oxygen adsorption on the conductivity and carrier transport mechanisms in CdS nanowires were established through variable temperature electrical transport and photoconductivity measurements. n-type CdS nanowires were found to be significantly less conductive in the ambient air than in the vacuum due to electron depletion induced by adsorbed oxygen. The current-voltage characteristics of depleted nanowires exhibited a power law behavior consistent with space-charge-limited conduction in the presence of traps. Analysis of the voltage and temperature dependencies of the space-charge-limited current showed that the nanowire surface traps are exponentially distributed in energy with a characteristic depth of similar to 0.28 +/- 0.04 eV. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.