GDF3 at the crossroads of TGF-β signaling

被引:41
作者
Levine, Ariel J. [1 ]
Brivanlou, Ali H. [1 ]
机构
[1] Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Vertebrate Embryol, New York, NY 10021 USA
关键词
GDF-3; BMP; TGF-beta; embryonic stem cell;
D O I
10.4161/cc.5.10.2771
中图分类号
Q2 [细胞生物学];
学科分类号
071009 ; 090102 ;
摘要
Embryonic stem (ES) cells present an excellent system for addressing the relevance of our current knowledge about how cell fate is determined and how cells integrate multiple signals into a single outcome as a function of time. Many of the factors that mediate these phenomena have been discovered through classical embryological experiments and are organized into several major signal transduction pathways including TGF-beta/BMP, Jak-STAT, Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch and FGF/MAPK.(1) This review will summarize the current understanding of TGF-beta signaling in ES and focus on early embryological roles of the TGF-beta member, GDF-3. GDF-3 is associated with the undifferentiated state of ES cells and two recent and contradictory reports examined the function and mechanism of GDF-3 in the context of both stem cells and early embryonic differentiations. While Levine and Brivanlou found that GDF-3 inhibits its own subfamily members (the BMPs), Chen and colleagues found that GDF-3 acts as a nodal-like TGF-beta ligand. These combined findings raise the intriguing possibility that GDF-3 acts as a bi-functional protein, to regulate the balance between the two modes of TGF-beta signaling.
引用
收藏
页码:1069 / 1073
页数:5
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