Adiponectin and risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation

Background. New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT) is a severe complication of kidney transplantation (KTx) with negative effects upon patient and graft survival. Several risk factors for NODAT have been described; however, the search for an early predictive marker is ongoing. It has recently been demonstrated that high concentrations of adiponectin (APN), which is an adipocyte-derived peptide with antiinflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, protect against future development of type 2 diabetes in healthy individuals. The purpose of this report was to study pretransplant insulin resistance and analyze pretransplant serum leptin and APN levels as independent risk factors for the development of NODAT. Methods. A total of 68 KTx patients were,studied [mean age, 48 +/- 11 years; 70% males; body mass index (BMI), 25 +/- 3 kg/m(2)]; 31 KTx patients with NODAT and 37 KTx patients without NODAT (non-NODAT) with similar age, sex, BMI, immunosuppression, and posttransplant time were studied. All patients received prednisone and calcineurin inhibitors (75% tacrolimus and 25% cyclosporine A), and 76% of patients received mycophenolate mofetil. Family history of diabetes mellitus was recorded. Pretransplant homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated from fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Pretransplant serum leptin and APN levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results. NODAT patients showed higher pretransplant plasma insulin concentrations [NODAT, 13.4 (11-22.7) muIU/ mL; non-NODAT, 10.05 (7.45-18.4) muIU/mL; P = 0.049], HOMA-IR index [NODAT, 4.18 (2.49-5.75); non-NODAT, 2.63 (1.52-4.68); P = 0.043], and lower pretransplant serum APN concentration [NODAT, 8.78 (7.2-11.38) mug/mL; non-NODAT, 11.4 (8.56-15.27) mug/mL, P = 0.012]. Inverse correlations between APN and BMI (r = -0.33; P = 0.014) and APN and HOMA-IR index (r = -0.39; P = 0.002) and between APN and NODAT (r = -0.31; P = 0.011) were observed. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the patients with lower pretransplant APN concentrations to be those at greater risk of developing NODAT [Odds Ratio = 0.832 (0.71-0.96); P = 0.01]. Conclusion. Pretransplant serum APN concentration is an independent predictive factor for NODAT development in kidney-transplanted patients.