Recording diffraction data for structure determination for very small crystals

An account is given of experiences in recording diffraction data with synchrotron radiation to determine structures for very small crystals, too small for use with conventional X-ray sources and diffractometers. The effect of crystal composition as well as size on the relative intensity of diffraction patterns of different crystals is noted. Crystal mounting is briefly described. Experimental methods are outlined including detectors and other instrumentation, and a range of examples is given; these include the use of both monochromatic area-detector systems for intensity measurement and of the white-beam Laue method. Choice of the shortest wavelength available with adequate intensity is recommended. The examples include organic, organometallic and aluminophosphate compounds; in all cases structure determination was important in relation to chemical research projects - they were not chosen as 'test' crystals. Comparison is made of the quality of the structure refinements achieved with those from synchrotron radiation powder diffraction - the alternative method when good-sized crystals are not available. Commonly it is found that when good-quality large crystals of a substance cannot be grown, the small crystals are poor in quality with substantial mosaic spread; the relationship between mosaic spread, structure, morphology and crystal growth is explored.